The 650 transit lines across the world served hundreds of cities and 53 billion passengers in 2017. Mass transit is extremely popular, leading to rapid growth since the 1980s: Approximately 75 new metro systems opened since the turn of the century, which increased the availability of metros by 50% and ridership has jumped 21% just since 2013.
That might not always be the case for U.S. public transportation, though, as we lag behind much of the rest of the world in innovation and ridership. In fact, while the majority of worldwide transit systems saw increases in ridership since 2012, all U.S. systems except those in NYC lost passengers during that time. Perhaps this is because U.S. rails and busses are in subpar condition .
While mass transit benefits the community at large by reducing traffic congestion, bolstering the local and national economies, and increasing access to healthcare , it isn’t always worth the investment. According to City Lab, building transit systems in the U.S. is particularly expensive, with costs up to $2.6 billion per mile of underground rail.
That expense pays off in places like New York City, where ridership is consistent with expectations. The Second Avenue Subway in New York City costs about $25,000 per daily rider, a value that’s on par with other systems across the world.
But the balance between the high cost of development and ridership isn’t always so easy. The Loop Trolley in the St. Louis area, for example, cost over $50 million to construct. But it only attracted 17,292 riders for the entire year, equating to a cost of over $600,000 per daily rider. Even more comprehensive line additions, like Boston’s Green Line Extension, can approach $45,000 to $100,000 per daily rider. In some cases, that’s a lot of taxpayer money going toward systems that might not pay off.
We know that massive urban areas like New York City have widespread and consistent ridership while others fall behind the curve; so we considered the discrepancy between commuting to and from work via public transportation or driving alone in order to evaluate which U.S. metropolitan areas have the best and worst transit systems.
To do that, we focused on 30 U.S. metro areas that have a need for public transportation. We ranked them based on four metrics that indicate superior public transportation: ridership, costs, time to commute, and earnings.
Creating the Ranking System
Here’s each metric was defined:
- Ridership was calculated as the percentage of the working population (ages 16 and up, who don’t work at home) that commutes via public transportation.
- Cost of commuting is a metric that compares commuting by mass transit to commuting by driving alone. The costs include both actual cost (annual cost of a pass and taxes associated with public transportation) and opportunity costs, or the amount of money one’s time is worth (the product of average hourly wage and hours commuting). The cost of commuting by way of public transportation was compared to that of commuting by driving as a percent difference.
- The time to commute was also calculated as a percent difference between the time to commute for those who commute via transit and those who commute by driving.
- Earnings were calculated as a percent difference between those who typically commute via public transportation and those who commute by driving.
We included ridership as a factor because places where a larger proportion of the population uses public transit indicates the usefulness of the system. More specifically, more riders likely indicates better systems.
Commuting in general is costly in terms of the time it takes and the actual cost. We considered both in two metrics — cost and time to commute — because most Americans need to weigh the pros and cons of different modes of transit to work. In some cases, driving might be a better option because it costs less or takes significantly less time, for instance.
The difference in earnings was considered an indicator of how good a transit system is. Specifically, larger differences in income can indicate that transit systems do not have service in wealthier areas or are poor systems that people use out of necessity (e.g., inability to afford a vehicle) rather than choice.
Here’s what you’ll learn in the study:
Cities With the Best Public Transportation
Cities With the Worst Public Transportation
Public Transportation Commutes are Lengthy
Key Insights
- The average American spends about $800 on transit passes while driving to work costs $2,152.80 in fuel and maintenance annually
- However, public transit commuters average over 400 hours commuting to and from work each year, 182 hours more than drivers
- On average, $74 in annual tax dollars from each metro resident is allocated toward funding mass transit, but that ranges from less than $1 to nearly $1,000 depending on location
- Higher tax funding is associated with more ridership; so the more money residents pay in taxes, the more likely they are to actually use the public transportation options
- Drivers earn almost 50% more than public transit commuters in most metros; the reverse was true in only three metros: San Francisco, Washington, D.C., and Chicago
- While public transportation costs less, it does take longer than driving in every metro. But the opportunity lost might not be as large of a burden as during a drive.
- According to the American Heart Association, people who commute via public transportation are healthier than people who drive to work, further weighing against the opportunity costs of the commute time
Best and Worst Metros for Commuting via Public Transportation
Cities With the Worst Public Transportation
Dallas / Fort Worth, TX
The DFW metroplex covers over 9,000 square miles in north Texas, but public transportation leaves something to be desired. Together, Dallas and Fort Worth have only 161 bus lines, 3 rail and 4 light rail lines.
And, while nearly $11 billion has been invested in transit systems in Dallas alone since 1999 — with plans continue to add services that connect Dallas and Ft. Worth — they still fall behind the curve.
People generally avoid public transportation as a way to get to and from work in the metro, with nearly 81% of workers choosing to drive alone. Those who do use public transportation as a means to commute spend over 200 additional hours commuting to and from work each year and earn less than drivers.
The latter (along with low ridership in general) provides support that the DFW transit system isn’t up to par lies in the income discrepancy between car and transit commuters: Public transportation commuters earn over $15,000 less than drivers on average, suggesting that transportation is less available in wealthier areas or people choose to avoid it if they can afford a vehicle.
Luckily for commuters, the lack of public transit is counterbalanced with better-than-average driving conditions: Ft. Worth was named the 2nd best city for drivers due to low traffic fatalities and high-quality roads and according to an analysis by TomTom, the metro’s traffic congestion is typically far below average.
Riverside, CA
Riverside’s public transportation was among the worst in the U.S. The area has only 26 bus and 3 rail lines that are less than comprehensive and extremely time consuming for commuters: The average commute time for those who take public transportation is over an hour each way (the longest on our list) compared to about 30 minutes driving.
Riders don’t disagree that the transport isn’t great in Riverside, either. One agency, the Riverside Transit Agency, has only 2 stars on Yelp, many citing the lack of reliability in the schedule for their low ratings.
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San Antonio, TX
The San Antonio metro area has a public transit system made up of 94 bus lines that cover only about 75% of the area . Their main system, VIA, falls behind other metro services in their coverage, reliability, and quality.
VIA, for instance, received 3.36 complaints per 10,000 riders in 2019 — more than they had in 2017 or 2018 — according to the agency’s reports. The busses aren’t reliable, either. They have common breakdowns and are on time less than 80% of the time.
Unfortunately for San Antonio commuters, the metro is one of the fastest growing in the nation and, as a result, the miles traveled by drivers in the area has jumped 15% in the last decade. So commuters are stuck choosing between two subpar options.
San Diego, CA
Much like San Antonio, commuters in San Diego have only a few good options for getting to and from work. The southern California metro has only 81 bus, 3 light rail, and 1 ferry lines, making public transit commutes difficult.
Those who ride the system are among the lower income in the metro area, as well. In fact, the median household income of those who commute via public transportation earn half as much as those who drive to work.
Even still, San Diego ranks in the worst areas for traffic congestion both in the U.S. (40th) and worldwide (184 out of over 1,300 cities) . Investing in public transportation could be a great way to address the city’s traffic woes.
Las Vegas, NV
Vegas is home to casinos, extravagant hotels, and the University of Nevada Las Vegas. It’s certainly not known for great public transportation; the metro has little transit coverage with only about 31 bus lines.
Vegas transit commuters are at a huge disadvantage compared to drivers in that they spend nearly $5,000 more on their commute each year (actual and opportunity costs), spend an additional 300 hours commuting, and they earn over $16,800 less than drivers.
The Las Vegas-Henderson metro isn’t bad for drivers, though. Not many commuters are classified as "super commuters," who have a one-way commute more than 90 minutes, and at about 25 minutes, the average driving commute time is lower-than-average.
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Cities With the Best Public Transportation
Boston, MA
The Boston metro landed the #1 spot in our ranking. The metro is home to 113 bus, 12 rail, 3 subway, 5 light rail, and 2 ferry lines that allow riders to get nearly anywhere in the area within 30 minutes.
According to a recent analysis by Clever Real Estate , Boston was named one of the worst places to commute by car, partly because the city has the worst rush-hour traffic congestion in the nation . So it’s no surprise that over 13% of commuters choose public transportation.
And, while commuting via public transportation always requires more time than driving on average, the comprehensive Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority allows commuters to get to and from work for only $1,256 per year compared to the $3,450 drivers pay in gas and maintenance alone.
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Seattle, WA
Seattle is home to large national companies, like Amazon, Microsoft, and Starbucks, that employ thousands of residents — many of whom prefer public transit over driving.
According to Walk Score, Seattle is super walkable and has a good public transportation system with 220 bus, 4 light rail, and 3 ferry lines servicing the area. The availability of public transportation saves commuters $3,300 annually ( $4,700 to drive versus $1,400 to take public transportation).
What’s more, the median income of commuters who drive is similar to that of those who take public transportation, suggesting the transit is in good condition and "user friendly."
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Washington, D.C.
Not surprisingly, Washington, D.C. was by far the worst city for driving commuters in our previous study. Drivers spend nearly the same commuting by public transportation ($1,900) and by car ($1,600) each year, but the metro landed toward the top of our list because of its top-notch transit system.
The metro area is served by 135 bus, 2 rail, and 6 subway lines that sprawl across the area. And, with over 626,000 riders each weekday, the system is the second busiest in the U.S. behind New York City.
People who commute by public transportation in D.C. earn more than drivers, which is only also true for three other cities on our list; typically, transit commuters earn significantly less than do drivers.
Austin, TX
The Texas capital draws people from all over and, as a result, has become one of the fastest growing cities in the U.S. Unfortunately, their rapid growth and position around Interstate 35 — a major thoroughfare for shipping between Canada and Mexico — make driving difficult.
The city has the 14th worst traffic congestion in the U.S. and the worst in the state, forcing many to find alternative options to commute to and from work. As luck would have it, the cost to commute via public transportation is pretty affordable at less than $500 a year.
Pittsburgh, PA
Pittsburgh is home to 446 bridges and miles of tunnels through which 260,000 vehicles travel each day. The rolling landscape and bridge-laden routes into the city center have helped bump Pittsburgh to the 7th worst city for traffic congestion in the U.S.
That traffic is compounded by high costs of commuting by car (~$6,500 annually), incentivizing the use of the metro’s 2 funicular, 92 bus, and 3 subway lines instead of driving.
And, while public transit still takes longer than driving (as it does in all the metros we evaluated), the difference is much smaller in Pittsburgh than other places: People who commute via public transportation spend about 25 minutes longer commuting to work than drivers.
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Public Transportation Commutes are Lengthy
On average, commuting by way of public transportation takes 1.8x as long as driving to and from work. This leaves the average commuter on a bus or train for over 400 hours — or nearly 17 days — getting to and from work each year.
According to an analysis on commuting by car by Clever Real Estate , long commutes are stressful and impact health and job satisfaction. So nearly doubling the amount of time people commute could be detrimental.
The time associated with commutes is related to our opportunity cost measure in that more time committed to commuting is an opportunity to earn extra cash (or binge Netflix, play with your kids, or go to a museum) lost. To quantify that cost, we considered people’s hourly earnings.
Even though those who commute via public transportation earn less on average than those who drive, the opportunity cost of public transportation was almost always higher or similar to driving because of the vast time differences between the two modes of transportation.
But commuting by public transportation is a different experience altogether. More specifically, a defining factor in stress related to car commuting has to do with the unpredictability of traffic conditions, which is likely more salient to a driver than a rider.
Passive commuting also leaves time for other activities, whether it be leisurely scrolling through social media, working, or reading a book that aren’t options for drivers.
In short, the true "cost" of the time commitment related to public transportation commutes seems to be on a completely different scale than driving. The longer commutes, then, might not be as costly in terms of health, productivity, and happiness.
Research from McGill University provides evidence that people who ride a train to work are happier than people who drive to work. Interestingly, though, they found that bus riders weren’t significantly different from drivers, suggesting that volatility in driving conditions influences happiness.
Cost Varies by Location
The actual cost of commuting by public transportation was calculated as the price of a 30-day unlimited pass (multiplied by 12) and the per-person taxes funding transportation in the metro. On average, Americans spend less than $1,000 commuting (~$940) each year — significantly less than the$6,500 drivers spend.
The cheaper mode of commute depends on your location: It’s actually cheaper to commute via driving in places like Washington, D.C. and New York City than public transportation, but drivers spend nearly $6,000 more in Vegas than public transport commuters!
The discrepancies between driving and public transportation are due to a number of factors, like gas prices in the metro, distance of commute, and taxes paid toward public transportation. Both Washington, D.C. (~$980) and NYC ($310) residents put more money toward public transportation each year than other metros on our list.
Pumping more tax dollars into public transportation might put a little bit of strain on your wallet, but that funding is doing its job. A regression analysis revealed that a larger proportion of the population uses public transportation in metros where more tax money is allocated to the local transit agencies, even if you control for total population size. In other words, people are getting their money’s worth in places where more taxes go toward funding public transportation.
Methodology
To calculate the cost of commuting by public transportation, we gathered data from the 2018 Census ACS, National Transit Database from the Federal Transit Administration, previous calculations by Clever Real Estate , and ValuePenguin.
We ranked 30 metros based on ridership, cost, time, and earnings. Here’s how we calculated each:
Ridership was the proportion of the metro population who use public transportation to commute to and from work. These data were gathered from the Census.
Cost was calculated as the actual cost and opportunity cost of commutes. To estimate actual cost, we used 30-day unlimited public transportation pass prices sourced by Value Penguin. That value was multiplied by 12 to estimate an annual cost.
We also included taxes allocated toward the public transportation agencies in the metro area as part of the actual cost. We gathered funding sources and amounts from the National Transit Database. To approximate individual tax contributions, we divided federal taxes by the population of the United States, state taxes by the state population, and local taxes by the metro population. Those values were then summed and added to the cost of the pass.
Opportunity cost was defined as the value of a person’s time. To estimate this, we multiplied hourly wages (annual wages divided by 2,080 annual hours) by the time committed to commuting. The time it takes to get to work, acquired from the Census for public transportation commuters, was multiplied by 520 (2 trips per 260 working days). We then divided the minutes by 60 to estimate the number of hours people commute each year and multiplied that by hourly wages.
Opportunity and actual costs were added together and compared to costs related to driving commutes, which included opportunity costs (calculated the same way) and actual costs related to fuel and maintenance of vehicle miles (see our True Cost of Commuting study for more detail).
Time was calculated as the amount of time commuters spend getting to work each day multiplied by 520 (2 trips per 260 working days). This was compared to driving to estimate a percentage difference in time committed to commuting.
Earnings were gathered from the Census and compared as a percent difference between drivers and public transportation commuters.
All values were standardized (z-scores) and weighted. Earnings difference and the share of the population that use public transportation were positively weighted at full weight (+1) while cost and time differences were weighted negatively at 2x full weight (-2). These were negatively weighted because higher-than-average values indicate "worse" commute conditions. The weighted values were then added together to form a final ranking of the metros.
